"Will AI take my job?" is one of the most common questions people type about artificial intelligence. Headlines tend to answer it with a single number or a scary list. The evidence gives a more useful answer: AI mostly takes over tasks, not whole jobs, and what happens to a job depends on how much of it is made of those tasks and how employers respond.
The short answer: for most people, AI is more likely to change the job than to remove it, but some jobs will shrink. The ILO's 2025 index finds that one in four workers worldwide is in an occupation with some generative AI exposure, that 3.3 percent of global employment falls into the highest exposure category, and that "transformation of jobs is the most likely impact" because most occupations include tasks that need human input (ILO Working Paper 140, 2025). Forecasts can change, and none of this is a guarantee for any individual.
The data in one place
We have joined the ILO exposure scores for the jobs in this series with US Bureau of Labor Statistics figures. Each view below sorts the same jobs a different way:
- Jobs most exposed to AI: mostly office, finance, data, writing and web work, yet 20 of the 36 most exposed are projected to grow.
- Jobs least exposed to AI: mostly hands-on, in-person and care work, from trades and cleaning to nursing and teaching.
- Fastest-growing jobs and their AI exposure: 30 of the 43 jobs projected to grow 10 percent or more are rated not exposed or minimal exposure.
- Jobs with the most openings: 12 of the 40 are projected to shrink but still expect tens of thousands of openings a year or more.
- AI exposure by job field: finance and insurance is the most exposed field (median score 0.56), health and care the least (0.23).
- AI exposure by education level: jobs needing a bachelor's degree or more score a median 0.38, against 0.23 for jobs needing no degree.
- AI exposure by pay: higher-paid jobs tend to be more exposed, but 45 jobs paying $100,000 or more are rated not exposed or minimal exposure.
Exposure is not the same as replacement
Studies like the ILO's score the tasks inside a job, then average them. A high score means many tasks could be done or sped up by generative AI. It does not say the job will disappear. The ILO is explicit on both sides: the "bundle of tasks" that makes up an occupation "acts as a buffer against full automation", yet that "does not mean that demand for these occupations will remain stable", because efficiency gains may mean fewer workers are needed if jobs do not evolve and take on new tasks.
That gives three broad outcomes for an exposed job:
- Augmented: AI handles parts of the work and people do more of the rest, often with demand steady or growing.
- Shrinking: the same output needs fewer people, so hiring slows even if the job remains.
- Reshaped: the job turns into overseeing, checking and directing AI, which is what we call digital collar work.
Jobs side by side
We have looked at the evidence for individual jobs in separate guides. Here is the summary, using the ILO index for exposure and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook for 2025 to 2035 projections. ILO bands run from not exposed and minimal exposure up through gradients 1 to 4, with 4 the most exposed.
Health and care
| Job (our guide) | ILO occupation (ISCO-08) | ILO band, mean task score | US BLS projection 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|---|
| doctors | Generalist Medical Practitioners | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 4% (physicians and surgeons) |
| nurses | Nursing Professionals | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 6% (registered nurses) |
| radiologists | Specialist Medical Practitioners | Not exposed, 0.27 | Grow 4% (physicians and surgeons) |
| pharmacists | Pharmacists | Minimal exposure, 0.33 | Grow 5% |
| dentists | Dentists | Not exposed, 0.15 | Grow 6% |
| physical therapists | Physiotherapists | Minimal exposure, 0.28 | Grow 12% |
| therapists | Social Work and Counselling Professionals | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 18% (mental health counselors) |
| medical billing and coding | Medical Records and Health Information Technicians | Gradient 3, 0.52 | Grow 8% (medical records specialists) |
| pharmacy technicians | Pharmaceutical Technicians and Assistants | Minimal exposure, 0.30 | Grow 6% |
| sonographers | Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Equipment Technicians | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 14% |
| dietitians | Dieticians and Nutritionists | Minimal exposure, 0.41 | Grow 8% |
| paramedics | Ambulance Workers | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 6% |
| medical assistants | Medical Assistants | Gradient 1, 0.35 | Grow 13% |
| medical scribes | Medical Secretaries (closest) | Gradient 3, 0.53 | No BLS profile (medical transcriptionists decline 4%) |
| optometrists | Optometrists and Ophthalmic Opticians | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 10% |
| occupational therapists | Health Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified (group incl. OTs) | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 15% |
| dental hygienists | Dental Assistants and Therapists (closest) | Not exposed, 0.16 | Grow 8% |
| lab technicians | Medical and Pathology Laboratory Technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 3% |
| home health aides | Home-based Personal Care Workers | Minimal exposure, 0.25 | Grow 18% |
| speech language pathologists | Audiologists and Speech Therapists | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 17% |
| respiratory therapists | Health professionals n.e.c. | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 9% |
| massage therapists | Physiotherapy technicians and assistants | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 15% |
| dental assistants | Dental assistants and therapists | Not exposed, 0.16 | Grow 7% |
| nursing assistants | Health care assistants | Not exposed, 0.14 | Grow 3% |
| medical transcriptionists | Medical secretaries | Gradient 3, 0.53 | Decline 4% |
| fitness trainers | Fitness and recreation instructors | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 7% |
| chiropractors | Health professionals n.e.c. | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 9% |
| phlebotomists | Medical and Pathology Laboratory Technicians (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 7% |
| safety specialists | Environmental and Occupational Health and Hygiene Professionals | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 19% |
| funeral directors | Undertakers and Embalmers | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 4% |
| healthcare managers | Health Service Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 24% |
| audiologists | Audiologists and Speech Therapists | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 11% |
| physician assistants | Paramedical Practitioners | Not exposed, 0.23 | Grow 21% |
| coaches | Sports Coaches, Instructors and Officials | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 6% (coaches and scouts) |
| nuclear medicine technologists | Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Equipment Technicians | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 4% |
| surgical technologists | Health Associate Professionals n.e.c. (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.30 | Grow 5% |
| radiation therapists | Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Equipment Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 3% |
| occupational therapy assistants | Physiotherapy Technicians and Assistants (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 21% |
| athletic trainers | Physiotherapists (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.28 | Grow 13% |
| orthotists and prosthetists | Health Professionals n.e.c. (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 13% |
| genetic counselors | Health Professionals n.e.c. (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 10% |
| exercise physiologists | Health Professionals n.e.c. (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 13% |
| community health workers | Community Health Workers | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 13% |
| health education specialists | Health Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 6% |
| psychiatric technicians | Nursing Associate Professionals (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.22 | Grow 18% |
| licensed practical nurses | Nursing Associate Professionals (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.22 | Grow 3% |
| rehabilitation counselors | Social Work and Counselling Professionals (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 2% |
| dental laboratory technicians | Medical and Dental Prosthetic Technicians | Not exposed, 0.18 | Decline 6% |
| recreational therapists | Health Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 5% |
| cardiovascular technologists | Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Equipment Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 4% |
| referees | Sports Coaches, Instructors and Officials (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 5% |
| nurse practitioners | Nursing Professionals (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 41% (nurse practitioners); 36% for all three APRN roles |
| podiatrists | Health Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 2% |
| athletes | Athletes and Sports Players | Not exposed, 0.23 | Grow 6% |
| medical dosimetrists | Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Equipment Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 5% |
| opticians | Dispensing Opticians | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 4% |
| health information technologists | Medical Records and Health Information Technicians (closest group) | Gradient 3, 0.52 | Grow 16% |
Finance and insurance
| Job (our guide) | ILO occupation (ISCO-08) | ILO band, mean task score | US BLS projection 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|---|
| accountants | Accountants | Gradient 3, 0.51 | Grow 5% (accountants and auditors) |
| financial advisors | Financial and Investment Advisers | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Grow 1% |
| bankers | Bank Tellers and Related Clerks | Gradient 3, 0.58 | Decline 13% (tellers); loan officers grow 1%, financial analysts grow 7% |
| insurance agents | Insurance Representatives | Gradient 3, 0.53 | Grow 3% (insurance sales agents) |
| actuaries | Mathematicians, Actuaries and Statisticians | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Grow 9% |
| economists | Economists | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 5% |
| bookkeepers | Accounting and Bookkeeping Clerks | Gradient 4, 0.64 | Decline 6% |
| tax preparers | Accounting Associate Professionals (closest) | Gradient 2, 0.49 | No BLS profile (accountants grow 5%) |
| financial analysts | Financial Analysts | Gradient 4, 0.62 | Grow 7% |
| underwriters | Insurance Representatives (closest) | Gradient 3, 0.53 | Decline 4% |
| bank tellers | Bank Tellers and Related Clerks | Gradient 3, 0.58 | Decline 13% |
| claims adjusters | Valuers and Loss Assessors | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Decline 6% |
| bill collectors | Debt collectors | Gradient 2, 0.43 | Decline 10% |
| payroll clerks | Payroll clerks | Gradient 4, 0.61 | Decline 16% |
| appraisers | Valuers and loss assessors | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 3% |
| stockbrokers | Securities and Finance Dealers and Brokers | Gradient 4, 0.63 | Grow 1% |
| budget analysts | Financial Analysts | Gradient 4, 0.62 | Grow 2% |
| tax examiners | Government Tax and Excise Officials | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Decline 1% |
| financial examiners | Government Regulatory Associate Professionals n.e.c. (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 9% |
| financial managers | Finance Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 10% |
| financial clerks | Statistical, Finance and Insurance Clerks (closest group) | Gradient 4, 0.64 | Decline 4% |
| credit counselors | Credit and Loans Officers (closest group) | Gradient 4, 0.60 | Grow 3% |
Legal, education and public service
| Job (our guide) | ILO occupation (ISCO-08) | ILO band, mean task score | US BLS projection 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|---|
| lawyers | Lawyers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 5% |
| paralegals | Legal and Related Associate Professionals | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Little or no change (paralegals and legal assistants) |
| teachers | Secondary Education Teachers | Not exposed, 0.30 | Little or no change (high school) |
| librarians | Librarians and Related Information Professionals | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 3% (librarians); library technicians decline 6% |
| social workers | Social Work and Counselling Professionals | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 6% |
| firefighters | Fire Fighters | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 4% |
| court reporters | Typists and Word Processing Operators (closest) | Gradient 4, 0.65 | Little or no change (court reporters and captioners) |
| security guards | Security Guards | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 1% |
| childcare workers | Child Care Workers | Not exposed, 0.19 | Decline 2% |
| school counselors | Counselling professionals | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 3% |
| compliance officers | Policy Administration Professionals (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.42 | Grow 4% |
| training specialists | Training and Staff Development Professionals | Gradient 2, 0.41 | Grow 11% |
| judges | Judges | Not exposed, 0.31 | Grow 2% |
| correctional officers | Prison Guards | Not exposed, 0.14 | Decline 7% |
| archivists | Archivists and Curators | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Grow 3% |
| emergency management directors | Professional Services Managers n.e.c. | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 4% |
| instructional coordinators | Education Methods Specialists | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Grow 2% |
| probation officers | Social Work Associate Professionals (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.33 | Grow 3% |
| social and human service assistants | Social Work Associate Professionals (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.33 | Grow 7% |
| recreation workers | Fitness and Recreation Instructors and Programme Leaders (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 4% |
| mediators | Legal Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 5% |
| private investigators | Legal and Related Associate Professionals (closest group) | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Grow 5% |
| teacher assistants | Teachers' Aides | Not exposed, 0.24 | Little or no change (0%) |
| principals | Education Managers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Little or no change (0%) |
| college administrators | Education Managers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 2% |
| childcare center directors | Child Care Service Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.30 | Decline 3% |
| special education teachers | Special Needs Teachers | Not exposed, 0.28 | Little or no change (0%) |
| social and community service managers | Social Welfare Managers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 7% |
| adult education teachers | Other Language Teachers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.34 | Decline 14% |
| tutors | Teaching Professionals n.e.c. (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.33 | Little or no change (0%) |
| fire inspectors | Government Regulatory Associate Professionals n.e.c. (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 6% |
| lifeguards | Protective Services Workers n.e.c. (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 5% |
| preschool teachers | Early Childhood Educators | Not exposed, 0.21 | Grow 4% |
| career and technical education teachers | Vocational Education Teachers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Little or no change (0%) |
| recreation managers | Sports, Recreation and Cultural Centre Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.32 | Grow 6% |
| professors | University and Higher Education Teachers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 7% |
| police officers | Police Officers | Not exposed, 0.14 | Grow 3% |
| middle school teachers | Secondary Education Teachers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.30 | Little or no change (0%) |
Trades, engineering and transport
| Job (our guide) | ILO occupation (ISCO-08) | ILO band, mean task score | US BLS projection 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|---|
| electricians | Building and Related Electricians | Not exposed, 0.19 | Grow 9% |
| plumbers | Plumbers and Pipe Fitters | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 7% (plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters) |
| mechanics | Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 5% (automotive service technicians) |
| chefs | Chefs | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 7% (chefs and head cooks) |
| engineers | Civil Engineers | Not exposed, 0.30 | Grow 6% (civil engineers) |
| architects | Building Architects | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 4% |
| truck drivers | Heavy Truck and Lorry Drivers | Minimal exposure, 0.24 | Grow 4% (heavy and tractor-trailer drivers) |
| pilots | Aircraft Pilots and Related Associate Professionals | Not exposed, 0.27 | Grow 7% (airline and commercial pilots) |
| hairdressers | Hairdressers | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 8% (barbers 3%) |
| air traffic controllers | Air Traffic Controllers | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 2% |
| logistics jobs | Supply, Distribution and Related Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 18% (logisticians) |
| dispatchers | Telephone Switchboard Operators (closest) | Gradient 3, 0.54 | Grow 4% (public safety telecommunicators) |
| urban planners | Town and Traffic Planners | Minimal exposure, 0.41 | Grow 4% |
| flight attendants | Travel Attendants and Travel Stewards | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 9% |
| welders | Welders and Flame Cutters | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 2% |
| surveyors | Cartographers and Surveyors | Gradient 2, 0.44 | Grow 6% |
| carpenters | Carpenters and Joiners | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 4% |
| farmers | Mixed Crop and Animal Producers | Not exposed, 0.19 | Decline 3% |
| construction workers | Building Construction Labourers | Not exposed, 0.09 | Grow 6% |
| warehouse workers | Freight Handlers | Not exposed, 0.14 | Grow 4% (hand laborers and material movers) |
| hvac technicians | Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics | Not exposed, 0.21 | Grow 11% |
| janitors | Cleaners and Helpers in Offices, Hotels and Other Establishments | Not exposed, 0.12 | Grow 2% |
| mail carriers | Mail Carriers and Sorting Clerks | Gradient 2, 0.41 | No change (0%) |
| bus drivers | Bus and Tram Drivers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 2% |
| factory workers | Assemblers Not Elsewhere Classified | Minimal exposure, 0.32 | Grow 1% (assemblers and fabricators) |
| landscapers | Gardeners, Horticultural and Nursery Growers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 5% (grounds maintenance workers) |
| machinists | Toolmakers; machine tool setters | Not exposed, 0.18 to 0.20 | Decline 1% |
| roofers | Roofers | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 5% |
| painters | Painters; spray painters | Not exposed, 0.12 to 0.13 | Grow 3% |
| power line workers | Electrical line installers and repairers | Not exposed, 0.15 | Grow 10% |
| solar installers | Building electricians; electrical fitters | Not exposed, 0.17 to 0.19 | Grow 37% |
| bakers | Bakers, pastry-cooks | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 6% |
| cost estimators | Engineering professionals n.e.c.; civil engineering technicians | Not exposed, 0.28 to 0.30 | Decline 3% |
| construction managers | Construction managers | Minimal exposure, 0.34 | Grow 9% |
| taxi drivers | Car, taxi and van drivers | Gradient 1, 0.28 | Grow 12% |
| heavy equipment operators | Earthmoving and Related Plant Operators | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 4% |
| drafters | Draughtspersons | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 1% |
| sheet metal workers | Sheet Metal Workers | Not exposed, 0.21 | Grow 3% |
| aircraft mechanics | Aircraft Engine Mechanics and Repairers | Not exposed, 0.19 | Grow 6% |
| railroad workers | Locomotive Engine Drivers | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 1% |
| ship captains | Ships' Deck Officers and Pilots | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 4% |
| elevator installers | Electrical Mechanics and Fitters | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 6% |
| building inspectors | Civil Engineering Technicians | Not exposed, 0.28 | Little or no change |
| ironworkers | Structural Metal Preparers and Erectors | Not exposed, 0.11 | Grow 1% |
| glaziers | Glaziers | Not exposed, 0.14 | Grow 2% |
| industrial machinery mechanics | Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 18% |
| masonry workers | Bricklayers and Related Workers | Not exposed, 0.09 | Grow 1% |
| boilermakers | Structural Metal Preparers and Erectors (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.11 | Decline 2% |
| medical equipment repairers | Electronics Mechanics and Servicers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 13% |
| wind turbine technicians | Electrical Mechanics and Fitters (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 30% |
| woodworkers | Cabinet-makers and Related Workers | Not exposed, 0.16 | Decline 2% |
| skincare specialists | Beauticians and Related Workers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 9% |
| manicurists | Beauticians and Related Workers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 9% |
| quality control inspectors | Product Graders and Testers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 3% |
| telecommunications technicians | ICT Installers and Servicers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.24 | Decline 3% |
| industrial production managers | Manufacturing Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 3% |
| flooring installers | Floor Layers and Tile Setters | Not exposed, 0.10 | Grow 4% |
| drywall installers | Plasterers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.11 | Grow 2% |
| hazardous materials removal workers | Building Frame and Related Trades Workers NEC (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.09 | Grow 2% |
| pest control workers | Fumigators and Other Pest and Weed Controllers | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 6% |
| engineering managers | Research and Development Managers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.40 | Grow 6% |
| diesel mechanics | Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 4% |
| auto body repairers | Sheet Metal Workers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.21 | Grow 4% |
| power plant operators | Power Production Plant Operators | Not exposed, 0.28 | Decline 4% |
| stationary engineers | Steam Engine and Boiler Operators | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 3% |
| semiconductor technicians | Electronics Engineering Technicians (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 8% |
| small engine mechanics | Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 3% |
| painting and coating workers | Spray Painters and Varnishers | Not exposed, 0.12 | Grow 2% |
| oil and gas workers | Well Drillers and Borers and Related Workers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.19 | Grow 2% |
| aerospace engineers | Mechanical Engineers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.32 | Grow 8% |
| biomedical engineers | Engineering Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.30 | Grow 8% |
| electro mechanical technicians | Electronics Engineering Technicians (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 3% |
| environmental engineers | Environmental Engineers | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 6% |
| materials engineers | Mining Engineers, Metallurgists and Related Professionals (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 8% |
| nuclear engineers | Engineering Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.30 | Little or no change (0%) |
| petroleum engineers | Mining Engineers, Metallurgists and Related Professionals (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 2% |
| health and safety engineers | Environmental and Occupational Health and Hygiene Professionals (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 5% |
| marine engineers | Mechanical Engineers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.32 | Grow 7% |
| mining engineers | Mining Engineers, Metallurgists and Related Professionals | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 4% |
| agricultural engineers | Engineering Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.30 | Grow 7% |
| cartographers | Cartographers and Surveyors | Gradient 2, 0.44 | Grow 7% |
| metal and plastic machine workers | Metal Working Machine Tool Setters and Operators | Not exposed, 0.18 | Decline 7% |
| material moving machine operators | Lifting Truck Operators | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 1% |
| food processing workers | Food and Related Products Machine Operators | Not exposed, 0.15 | Grow 5% |
| water treatment operators | Incinerator and Water Treatment Plant Operators | Not exposed, 0.27 | Decline 6% |
| calibration technicians | Product Graders and Testers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 5% |
| general maintenance workers | Building Caretakers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.27 | Grow 4% |
| electrical and electronics repairers | Electronics Mechanics and Servicers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 2% |
| distribution managers | Supply, Distribution and Related Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 6% |
| civil engineering technicians | Civil Engineering Technicians | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 3% |
| mechanical engineering technicians | Mechanical Engineering Technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 1% |
| industrial engineering technicians | Physical and Engineering Science Technicians n.e.c. (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 3% |
| aerospace engineering technicians | Mechanical Engineering Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 12% |
| environmental engineering technicians | Civil Engineering Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 3% |
| surveying and mapping technicians | Civil Engineering Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 6% |
| electrical engineering technicians | Electrical Engineering Technicians | Not exposed, 0.27 | Grow 2% |
| landscape architects | Landscape Architects | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 4% |
| farm workers | Crop Farm Labourers | Not exposed, 0.09 | Decline 2% |
| butchers | Butchers, Fishmongers and Related Food Preparers | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 4% |
| industrial engineers | Industrial and Production Engineers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 12% |
| heavy equipment mechanics | Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 7% |
| insulation workers | Insulation Workers | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 3% |
| chemical engineers | Chemical Engineers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 5% |
| fishers | Inland and Coastal Waters Fishery Workers | Not exposed, 0.17 | Decline 4% |
Creative and media
| Job (our guide) | ILO occupation (ISCO-08) | ILO band, mean task score | US BLS projection 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|---|
| graphic designers | Graphic and Multimedia Designers | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Decline 2% |
| writers | Authors and Related Writers | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Little or no change (writers and authors) |
| translators | Translators, Interpreters and Other Linguists | Gradient 3, 0.59 | Grow 2% (interpreters and translators) |
| video editors | Film, Stage and Related Directors and Producers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 4% (film and video editors) |
| marketing | Advertising and Marketing Professionals | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 6% (advertising, promotions and marketing managers) |
| musicians | Musicians, Singers and Composers | Not exposed, 0.28 | Little or no change (musicians and singers) |
| photographers | Photographers | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Decline 1% |
| journalists | Journalists | Gradient 3, 0.54 | Decline 6% |
| actors | Actors | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Little or no change |
| interior designers | Interior Designers and Decorators | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 3% |
| copywriters | Authors and Related Writers | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Little or no change (writers and authors) |
| proofreaders | Coding, Proofreading and Related Clerks | Gradient 3, 0.51 | No BLS profile (editors decline 1%) |
| technical writers | Authors and Related Writers (closest) | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 1% |
| artists | Visual Artists | Not exposed, 0.21 | Decline 1% |
| public relations specialists | Public relations professionals | Gradient 2, 0.43 | Grow 2% |
| editors | Authors and Related Writers; Journalists | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Decline 1% |
| fashion designers | Product and Garment Designers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Little or no change |
| producers and directors | Film, Stage and Related Directors and Producers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 4% |
| broadcast announcers | Announcers on Radio, Television and Other Media | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Decline 8% |
| broadcast and sound technicians | Broadcasting and Audio-visual Technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 1% |
| jewelers | Jewelry and Precious Metal Workers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Decline 3% |
| floral designers | Interior Designers and Decorators (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Decline 6% |
| dancers | Dancers and Choreographers | Not exposed, 0.19 | Grow 2% |
| animators | Graphic and Multimedia Designers (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Little or no change (0%) |
| industrial designers | Product and Garment Designers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 2% |
| art directors | Graphic and Multimedia Designers (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Grow 4% |
| models | Fashion and Other Models | Not exposed, 0.25 | Decline 2% |
| set designers | Interior Designers and Decorators (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 1% |
| desktop publishers | Pre-press Technicians (closest group) | Gradient 1, 0.38 | Decline 14% |
Science and research
| Job (our guide) | ILO occupation (ISCO-08) | ILO band, mean task score | US BLS projection 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|---|
| scientists | Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 6% to 13% (medical, chemical, physical, environmental) |
| statisticians | Mathematicians, actuaries and statisticians | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Grow 11% |
| operations research analysts | Mathematicians, Actuaries and Statisticians | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Grow 12% |
| epidemiologists | Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related Professionals | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 19% |
| food scientists | Biologists and Related Professionals (closest) | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 6% |
| geoscientists | Geologists and Geophysicists | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 5% |
| chemical technicians | Chemical and Physical Science Technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 5% |
| hydrologists | Geologists and Geophysicists (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 1% |
| environmental science technicians | Environmental and Occupational Health Inspectors and Associates (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 7% |
| forensic science technicians | Chemical and Physical Science Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 13% |
| historians | Philosophers, Historians and Political Scientists | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Grow 3% |
| sociologists | Sociologists, Anthropologists and Related Professionals | Gradient 2, 0.48 | Grow 4% |
| political scientists | Philosophers, Historians and Political Scientists | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Decline 2% |
| anthropologists | Sociologists, Anthropologists and Related Professionals | Gradient 2, 0.48 | Grow 6% |
| geographers | Sociologists, Anthropologists and Related Professionals (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.48 | Decline 2% |
| foresters | Environmental Protection Professionals (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 4% |
| meteorologists | Meteorologists | Gradient 3, 0.54 | Grow 3% |
| logging workers | Forestry and Related Workers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.12 | Decline 5% |
| natural sciences managers | Research and Development Managers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.40 | Grow 8% |
| computer research scientists | Software and Applications Developers and Analysts Not Elsewhere Classified (closest group) | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 22% |
| agricultural technicians | Agricultural Technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 5% |
| nuclear technicians | Chemical and Physical Science Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 1% |
| survey researchers | Mathematicians, Actuaries and Statisticians (closest group) | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Decline 5% |
| biochemists | Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 12% |
| biological technicians | Life Science Technicians (excluding Medical) | Gradient 1, 0.38 | Grow 7% |
| microbiologists | Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 6% |
| forest and conservation workers | Forestry and Related Workers | Not exposed, 0.12 | Decline 2% |
| geological technicians | Chemical and Physical Science Technicians (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 2% |
Office, sales and tech
| Job (our guide) | ILO occupation (ISCO-08) | ILO band, mean task score | US BLS projection 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|---|
| customer service | Contact Centre Salespersons | Gradient 4, 0.61 | Decline 5% (customer service reps) |
| sales jobs | Commercial Sales Representatives | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Little or no change (wholesale and manufacturing sales reps) |
| HR | Human Resource Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 6% (HR managers and specialists) |
| recruiters | Personnel and Careers Professionals | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 6% (HR specialists, incl. recruiters) |
| project managers | Business Services and Administration Managers n.e.c. | Gradient 2, 0.42 | Grow 7% (project management specialists) |
| consultants | Management and Organization Analysts | Gradient 2, 0.46 | Grow 10% (management analysts) |
| real estate agents | Real Estate Agents and Property Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 2% (brokers and sales agents) |
| software engineers | Software Developers | Gradient 3, 0.53 | Grow 10% (developers); programmers decline 7% |
| data analysts | Statistical, Mathematical and Related Associate Professionals | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Grow 35% (data scientists) |
| web developers | Web and Multimedia Developers | Gradient 4, 0.60 | Grow 4% |
| receptionists | Receptionists (general) | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Decline 2% |
| data entry | Data Entry Clerks | Gradient 4, 0.70 | Decline 6% (general office clerks) |
| ux designers | Web and Multimedia Developers (closest) | Gradient 4, 0.60 | Grow 6% (interface designers) |
| cybersecurity | Systems Administrators (closest) | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Grow 21% (information security analysts) |
| event planners | Conference and Event Planners | Gradient 2, 0.48 | Grow 6% |
| administrative assistants | Secretaries (general) | Gradient 3, 0.58 | Decline 2% (general -6%) |
| it support | ICT User Support Technicians | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Decline 3% |
| cashiers | Cashiers and Ticket Clerks | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Decline 6% |
| retail workers | Shop Sales Assistants | Gradient 1, 0.38 | Little or no change (0%) |
| travel agents | Travel Consultants and Clerks | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Little or no change (0%) |
| fast food workers | Fast Food Preparers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 6% (fast food and counter workers) |
| bartenders | Bartenders | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 5% |
| market research analysts | Advertising and marketing professionals | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 7% |
| purchasing agents | Buyers | Minimal exposure, 0.39 | Grow 6% |
| hotel managers | Hotel Managers | Gradient 1, 0.37 | Grow 4% |
| restaurant managers | Restaurant Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 6% |
| property managers | Real Estate Agents and Property Managers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 4% |
| fundraisers | Public Relations Professionals | Gradient 2, 0.43 | Grow 6% |
| database administrators | Database Designers and Administrators | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Grow 4% |
| gaming dealers | Bookmakers, Croupiers and Related Gaming Workers | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 3% |
| advertising sales agents | Commercial Sales Representatives (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Decline 7% |
| facilities managers | Business Services and Administration Managers n.e.c. (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.42 | Grow 5% |
| network architects | Computer Network Professionals | Gradient 3, 0.52 | Grow 8% |
| systems analysts | Systems Analysts | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Grow 8% |
| it managers | ICT Service Managers | Gradient 2, 0.44 | Grow 16% |
| waiters | Waiters | Minimal exposure, 0.28 | Grow 2% |
| top executives | Managing Directors and Chief Executives | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 5% |
| compensation and benefits managers | Human Resource Managers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 1% |
| sales managers | Sales and Marketing Managers | Gradient 2, 0.41 | Grow 4% |
| labor relations specialists | Personnel and Careers Professionals (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 2% |
| computer hardware engineers | Electronics Engineers (closest group) | Gradient 2, 0.42 | Grow 9% |
| material recording clerks | Transport Clerks (closest group) | Gradient 3, 0.50 | Decline 6% |
| concierges | Hotel Receptionists (closest group) | Gradient 3, 0.51 | Grow 3% |
| tour guides | Travel Guides | Minimal exposure, 0.32 | Grow 6% |
| information clerks | Personnel Clerks (closest group) | Gradient 4, 0.60 | Decline 2% |
| training and development managers | Human Resource Managers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 6% |
| food preparation workers | Fast Food Preparers (closest group) | Not exposed, 0.18 | Decline 3% |
| public relations managers | Advertising and Public Relations Managers (closest group) | Minimal exposure, 0.39 | Grow 6% |
| system administrators | Systems Administrators | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Decline 4% |
| compensation and benefits specialists | Personnel and Careers Professionals | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 6% |
The pattern worth noticing: exposure and job growth do not line up neatly. Medical records work is more exposed than graphic design in the ILO index, yet the BLS projects growth for medical records specialists and a decline for graphic designers. Demand matters as much as exposure. An aging population needing more care can outweigh efficiency gains; a market where AI makes output cheap and plentiful can shrink hiring even at moderate exposure.
How to check your own job
No index knows your exact role. You can apply the same logic yourself:
- List your tasks for a typical week, with a rough share of time for each.
- Mark each one: could current AI tools draft or do this with a person checking? Typical candidates are drafting text, summarizing, sorting and routing, data entry, first-pass analysis and answering standard questions.
- Mark what needs you: physical work in changing places, care and trust, negotiation, decisions someone must answer for, and knowing the people and context.
- Look at demand: is your field growing, flat or shrinking? The BLS handbook and your own employer's hiring tell you more than any exposure score.
- Look at your employer: are AI tools being used to help staff do more, or to cut headcount? The ILO warns that if efforts are not made to help jobs evolve and take on new tasks, even partial automation could reduce demand.
If most of your time sits in the first group and demand is flat, your role is likely to change most. If most of it sits in the second group, the core of your job is better protected, though the tasks around it will still change.
What you can do now
- Learn the tools in your own work, so you are the person who uses them well rather than the person they are used on. See AI literacy at work.
- Move toward checking and judgment: reviewing AI output, handling exceptions and owning results. See checking AI output and digital collar skills.
- Build the human parts of your role: client relationships, cross-team work, and decisions you are trusted to make.
- Know your rights: rules on AI at work differ by country. See AI at work and workers' rights.
Guides by job
Health and care
- Will AI replace doctors?
- Will AI replace nurses?
- Will AI replace radiologists?
- Will AI replace pharmacists?
- Will AI replace dentists?
- Will AI replace physical therapists?
- Will AI replace therapists?
- Will AI replace medical billing and coding?
- Will AI replace pharmacy technicians?
- Will AI replace sonographers?
- Will AI replace dietitians?
- Will AI replace paramedics and EMTs?
- Will AI replace medical assistants?
- Will AI replace medical scribes?
- Will AI replace optometrists?
- Will AI replace occupational therapists?
- Will AI replace dental hygienists?
- Will AI replace lab technicians?
- Will AI replace home health aides?
- Will AI replace speech-language pathologists?
- Will AI replace respiratory therapists?
- Will AI replace massage therapists?
- Will AI replace dental assistants?
- Will AI replace nursing assistants?
- Will AI replace medical transcriptionists?
- Will AI replace fitness trainers?
- Will AI replace chiropractors?
- Will AI replace phlebotomists?
- Will AI replace safety specialists?
- Will AI replace funeral directors?
- Will AI replace healthcare managers?
- Will AI replace audiologists?
- Will AI replace physician assistants?
- Will AI replace coaches?
- Will AI replace nuclear medicine technologists?
- Will AI replace surgical technologists?
- Will AI replace radiation therapists?
- Will AI replace OT assistants?
- Will AI replace athletic trainers?
- Will AI replace prosthetists?
- Will AI replace genetic counselors?
- Will AI replace exercise physiologists?
- Will AI replace community health workers?
- Will AI replace health education specialists?
- Will AI replace psychiatric technicians?
- Will AI replace licensed practical nurses?
- Will AI replace rehabilitation counselors?
- Will AI replace dental lab technicians?
- Will AI replace recreational therapists?
- Will AI replace cardiovascular technologists?
- Will AI replace referees?
- Will AI replace nurse practitioners?
- Will AI replace podiatrists?
- Will AI replace athletes?
- Will AI replace medical dosimetrists?
- Will AI replace opticians?
- Will AI replace health information technologists?
Finance and insurance
- Will AI replace accountants?
- Will AI replace financial advisors?
- Will AI replace bankers?
- Will AI replace insurance agents?
- Will AI replace actuaries?
- Will AI replace economists?
- Will AI replace bookkeepers?
- Will AI replace tax preparers?
- Will AI replace financial analysts?
- Will AI replace underwriters?
- Will AI replace bank tellers?
- Will AI replace claims adjusters?
- Will AI replace bill collectors?
- Will AI replace payroll clerks?
- Will AI replace appraisers?
- Will AI replace stockbrokers?
- Will AI replace budget analysts?
- Will AI replace tax examiners?
- Will AI replace financial examiners?
- Will AI replace financial managers?
- Will AI replace financial clerks?
- Will AI replace credit counselors?
Legal, education and public service
- Will AI replace lawyers?
- Will AI replace paralegals?
- Will AI replace teachers?
- Will AI replace librarians?
- Will AI replace social workers?
- Will AI replace firefighters?
- Will AI replace court reporters?
- Will AI replace security guards?
- Will AI replace childcare workers?
- Will AI replace school counselors?
- Will AI replace compliance officers?
- Will AI replace training specialists?
- Will AI replace judges?
- Will AI replace correctional officers?
- Will AI replace archivists?
- Will AI replace emergency management directors?
- Will AI replace instructional coordinators?
- Will AI replace probation officers?
- Will AI replace human service assistants?
- Will AI replace recreation workers?
- Will AI replace mediators?
- Will AI replace private investigators?
- Will AI replace teacher assistants?
- Will AI replace school principals?
- Will AI replace college administrators?
- Will AI replace childcare center directors?
- Will AI replace special education teachers?
- Will AI replace social and community service managers?
- Will AI replace adult education teachers?
- Will AI replace tutors?
- Will AI replace fire inspectors?
- Will AI replace lifeguards?
- Will AI replace preschool teachers?
- Will AI replace CTE teachers?
- Will AI replace recreation managers?
- Will AI replace professors?
- Will AI replace police officers?
- Will AI replace middle school teachers?
Trades, engineering and transport
- Will AI replace electricians?
- Will AI replace plumbers?
- Will AI replace mechanics?
- Will AI replace chefs?
- Will AI replace engineers?
- Will AI replace architects?
- Will AI replace truck drivers?
- Will AI replace pilots?
- Will AI replace hairdressers and barbers?
- Will AI replace air traffic controllers?
- Will AI replace logistics jobs?
- Will AI replace dispatchers?
- Will AI replace urban planners?
- Will AI replace flight attendants?
- Will AI replace welders?
- Will AI replace surveyors?
- Will AI replace carpenters?
- Will AI replace farmers?
- Will AI replace construction workers?
- Will AI replace warehouse workers?
- Will AI replace HVAC technicians?
- Will AI replace janitors?
- Will AI replace mail carriers?
- Will AI replace bus drivers?
- Will AI replace factory workers?
- Will AI replace landscapers?
- Will AI replace machinists?
- Will AI replace roofers?
- Will AI replace painters?
- Will AI replace power line workers?
- Will AI replace solar installers?
- Will AI replace bakers?
- Will AI replace cost estimators?
- Will AI replace construction managers?
- Will AI replace taxi drivers?
- Will AI replace heavy equipment operators?
- Will AI replace drafters?
- Will AI replace sheet metal workers?
- Will AI replace aircraft mechanics?
- Will AI replace railroad workers?
- Will AI replace ship captains?
- Will AI replace elevator installers?
- Will AI replace building inspectors?
- Will AI replace ironworkers?
- Will AI replace glaziers?
- Will AI replace industrial mechanics and millwrights?
- Will AI replace masonry workers?
- Will AI replace boilermakers?
- Will AI replace medical equipment repairers?
- Will AI replace wind turbine technicians?
- Will AI replace woodworkers?
- Will AI replace estheticians?
- Will AI replace nail technicians?
- Will AI replace quality control inspectors?
- Will AI replace telecom technicians?
- Will AI replace production managers?
- Will AI replace flooring installers?
- Will AI replace drywall installers?
- Will AI replace hazmat removal workers?
- Will AI replace pest control workers?
- Will AI replace engineering managers?
- Will AI replace diesel mechanics?
- Will AI replace auto body repairers?
- Will AI replace power plant operators?
- Will AI replace stationary engineers?
- Will AI replace semiconductor technicians?
- Will AI replace small engine mechanics?
- Will AI replace painting and coating workers?
- Will AI replace oil and gas workers?
- Will AI replace aerospace engineers?
- Will AI replace biomedical engineers?
- Will AI replace electro-mechanical technicians?
- Will AI replace environmental engineers?
- Will AI replace materials engineers?
- Will AI replace nuclear engineers?
- Will AI replace petroleum engineers?
- Will AI replace health and safety engineers?
- Will AI replace marine engineers?
- Will AI replace mining engineers?
- Will AI replace agricultural engineers?
- Will AI replace cartographers?
- Will AI replace metal and plastic machine workers?
- Will AI replace material moving machine operators?
- Will AI replace food processing workers?
- Will AI replace water treatment operators?
- Will AI replace calibration technicians?
- Will AI replace general maintenance workers?
- Will AI replace electrical and electronics repairers?
- Will AI replace distribution managers?
- Will AI replace civil engineering technicians?
- Will AI replace mechanical engineering technicians?
- Will AI replace industrial engineering technicians?
- Will AI replace aerospace engineering technicians?
- Will AI replace environmental engineering technicians?
- Will AI replace surveying and mapping technicians?
- Will AI replace electrical engineering technicians?
- Will AI replace landscape architects?
- Will AI replace farm workers?
- Will AI replace butchers?
- Will AI replace industrial engineers?
- Will AI replace heavy equipment mechanics?
- Will AI replace insulation workers?
- Will AI replace chemical engineers?
- Will AI replace fishers?
Creative and media
- Will AI replace graphic designers?
- Will AI replace writers?
- Will AI replace translators?
- Will AI replace video editors?
- Will AI replace marketing jobs?
- Will AI replace musicians?
- Will AI replace photographers?
- Will AI replace journalists?
- Will AI replace actors?
- Will AI replace interior designers?
- Will AI replace copywriters?
- Will AI replace proofreaders?
- Will AI replace technical writers?
- Will AI replace artists?
- Will AI replace PR specialists?
- Will AI replace editors?
- Will AI replace fashion designers?
- Will AI replace producers and directors?
- Will AI replace radio DJs and announcers?
- Will AI replace broadcast and sound technicians?
- Will AI replace jewelers?
- Will AI replace florists?
- Will AI replace dancers?
- Will AI replace animators?
- Will AI replace industrial designers?
- Will AI replace art directors?
- Will AI replace models?
- Will AI replace set designers?
- Will AI replace desktop publishers?
Science and research
- Will AI replace scientists?
- Will AI replace statisticians?
- Will AI replace operations research analysts?
- Will AI replace epidemiologists?
- Will AI replace food scientists?
- Will AI replace geoscientists?
- Will AI replace chemical technicians?
- Will AI replace hydrologists?
- Will AI replace environmental science technicians?
- Will AI replace forensic science technicians?
- Will AI replace historians?
- Will AI replace sociologists?
- Will AI replace political scientists?
- Will AI replace anthropologists?
- Will AI replace geographers?
- Will AI replace foresters?
- Will AI replace meteorologists?
- Will AI replace logging workers?
- Will AI replace natural sciences managers?
- Will AI replace computer research scientists?
- Will AI replace agricultural technicians?
- Will AI replace nuclear technicians?
- Will AI replace survey researchers?
- Will AI replace biochemists?
- Will AI replace biological technicians?
- Will AI replace microbiologists?
- Will AI replace forest and conservation workers?
- Will AI replace geological technicians?
Office, sales and tech
- Will AI replace customer service jobs?
- Will AI replace sales jobs?
- Will AI replace HR?
- Will AI replace recruiters?
- Will AI replace project managers?
- Will AI replace consultants?
- Will AI replace real estate agents?
- Will AI replace software engineers?
- Will AI replace data analysts?
- Will AI replace web developers?
- Will AI replace receptionists?
- Will AI replace data entry jobs?
- Will AI replace UX designers?
- Will AI replace cybersecurity jobs?
- Will AI replace event planners?
- Will AI replace administrative assistants?
- Will AI replace IT support jobs?
- Will AI replace cashiers?
- Will AI replace retail workers?
- Will AI replace travel agents?
- Will AI replace fast food workers?
- Will AI replace bartenders?
- Will AI replace market research analysts?
- Will AI replace purchasing agents?
- Will AI replace hotel managers?
- Will AI replace restaurant managers?
- Will AI replace property managers?
- Will AI replace fundraisers?
- Will AI replace database administrators?
- Will AI replace casino dealers?
- Will AI replace advertising sales agents?
- Will AI replace facilities managers?
- Will AI replace network architects?
- Will AI replace systems analysts?
- Will AI replace IT managers?
- Will AI replace waiters?
- Will AI replace CEOs and top executives?
- Will AI replace compensation and benefits managers?
- Will AI replace sales managers?
- Will AI replace labor relations specialists?
- Will AI replace computer hardware engineers?
- Will AI replace material recording clerks?
- Will AI replace concierges?
- Will AI replace tour guides?
- Will AI replace information clerks?
- Will AI replace training and development managers?
- Will AI replace food preparation workers?
- Will AI replace public relations and fundraising managers?
- Will AI replace system administrators?
- Will AI replace compensation and benefits specialists?
For the other side of the picture, see jobs least exposed to AI, jobs most exposed to AI, fastest-growing jobs and their AI exposure, AI exposure by job field, AI exposure by education level, jobs with the most openings, AI exposure by pay, which jobs are turning digital collar, entry-level AI jobs and digital collar careers.
Questions and answers
Will AI take my job?
For most people, AI is more likely to change the job than remove it. The ILO finds that transformation of jobs is the most likely impact of generative AI, though some jobs will need fewer people.
How many jobs are exposed to AI?
According to the ILO 2025 index, one in four workers worldwide is in an occupation with some generative AI exposure, and 3.3 percent of global employment is in the highest exposure category.
Does high AI exposure mean my job will disappear?
No. Exposure measures how many tasks AI could do or speed up. Whether jobs shrink also depends on demand and on how employers use the technology.
Which jobs are most exposed to AI?
Clerical jobs remain the most exposed in ILO data, such as data entry and bookkeeping clerks, along with some digital roles. Hands-on and care jobs are the least exposed.
How can I tell if my job is at risk?
List your tasks, mark which ones AI could draft or do with a person checking, mark which need you, and look at whether demand in your field is growing.