Are jobs that need a degree more exposed to AI than jobs that do not? This page joins the typical education needed to enter each of the 328 jobs in our will AI take my job? series, as listed by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, with each job's generative AI exposure score from the International Labour Organization's 2025 index and the BLS projection for 2025 to 2035. Every job links to its own page with the full sources.
The short answer: in our series, jobs that need a bachelor's degree or more tend to be more exposed to generative AI than jobs you can start without a degree. The median ILO score is 0.38 for jobs that typically need a bachelor's degree or higher, against 0.22 for the 113 jobs that need no degree. But some no-degree jobs, mostly office and clerical work, are among the most exposed of all. Projections are estimates, not guarantees.
How to read this page
The International Labour Organization scores occupations' tasks from 0 (cannot be automated with generative AI) to 1 (could be done without a human operator), and groups them into gradients from 1 to 4, with 4 the most exposed; below them sit minimal exposure and not exposed (ILO Working Paper 140, 2025).
Education is the BLS "typical level of education that most workers need to enter this occupation", taken from the entry-level education column of the Occupational Outlook Handbook (2025 to 2035 edition, checked 29 and 30 October 2026). Where the BLS says the requirement varies ("see How to Become One"), or where one of our pages covers several BLS occupations with different requirements, this page says "varies" instead of picking one. 46 jobs fall in that group. 3 jobs in our series have no BLS profile of their own, so their education is shown as missing. "Exposed gradients" means ILO gradients 1 to 4, above minimal exposure.
Exposure and outlook by education level
| Typical entry education | Jobs | Median ILO score | In exposed gradients | Projected to grow (BLS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No formal credential | 21 | 0.18 | 4 (19%) | 15 (71%) |
| High school diploma | 70 | 0.25 | 17 (24%) | 45 (64%) |
| Postsecondary certificate (nondegree award) | 18 | 0.20 | 4 (22%) | 16 (89%) |
| Some college, no degree | 4 | 0.32 | 1 (25%) | 0 (0%) |
| Associate's degree | 27 | 0.26 | 3 (11%) | 25 (93%) |
| Bachelor's degree | 109 | 0.39 | 51 (47%) | 90 (83%) |
| Master's degree | 22 | 0.38 | 10 (45%) | 19 (86%) |
| Doctoral or professional degree | 8 | 0.27 | 1 (12%) | 8 (100%) |
| Varies by path or role | 46 | 0.27 | 10 (22%) | 34 (74%) |
| No BLS profile | 3 | 0.51 | 3 (100%) | 0 (0%) |
No-degree jobs with low exposure that are projected to grow
These 68 jobs need no college degree to start, are rated not exposed or minimal exposure by the ILO, and are projected by the BLS to grow. They are mostly hands-on trades, care and service work, sorted by projected growth.
No-degree jobs that are highly exposed
These 26 jobs need no college degree to start but sit in the ILO's exposed gradients. Many are office and clerical jobs built on text, numbers and records.
All 328 jobs by education level
No formal credential (21 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| mail carriers | Gradient 2, 0.41 | No change (0%) |
| cashiers | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Decline 6% |
| retail workers | Gradient 1, 0.38 | Little or no change (0%) |
| taxi drivers | Gradient 1, 0.28 | Grow 12% |
| waiters | Minimal exposure, 0.28 | Grow 2% |
| bartenders | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 5% |
| models | Not exposed, 0.25 | Decline 2% |
| athletes | Not exposed, 0.23 | Grow 6% |
| lifeguards | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 5% |
| oil and gas workers | Not exposed, 0.19 | Grow 2% |
| fast food workers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 6% (fast food and counter workers) |
| food preparation workers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Decline 3% |
| bakers | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 6% |
| fishers | Not exposed, 0.17 | Decline 4% |
| warehouse workers | Not exposed, 0.14 | Grow 4% (hand laborers and material movers) |
| butchers | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 4% |
| roofers | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 5% |
| janitors | Not exposed, 0.12 | Grow 2% |
| painters | Not exposed, 0.12 to 0.13 | Grow 3% |
| drywall installers | Not exposed, 0.11 | Grow 2% |
| flooring installers | Not exposed, 0.10 | Grow 4% |
High school diploma (70 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| data entry | Gradient 4, 0.70 | Decline 6% (general office clerks) |
| financial clerks | Gradient 4, 0.64 | Decline 4% |
| customer service | Gradient 4, 0.61 | Decline 5% (customer service reps) |
| payroll clerks | Gradient 4, 0.61 | Decline 16% |
| administrative assistants | Gradient 3, 0.58 | Decline 2% (general -6%) |
| bank tellers | Gradient 3, 0.58 | Decline 13% |
| receptionists | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Decline 2% |
| travel agents | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Little or no change (0%) |
| dispatchers | Gradient 3, 0.54 | Grow 4% (public safety telecommunicators) |
| concierges | Gradient 3, 0.51 | Grow 3% |
| material recording clerks | Gradient 3, 0.50 | Decline 6% |
| advertising sales agents | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Decline 7% |
| gaming dealers | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 3% |
| bill collectors | Gradient 2, 0.43 | Decline 10% |
| photographers | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Decline 1% |
| private investigators | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Grow 5% |
| distribution managers | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 6% |
| semiconductor technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 8% |
| floral designers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Decline 6% |
| hotel managers | Gradient 1, 0.37 | Grow 4% |
| referees | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 5% |
| restaurant managers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 6% |
| property managers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 4% |
| real estate agents | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 2% (brokers and sales agents) |
| social and human service assistants | Minimal exposure, 0.33 | Grow 7% |
| factory workers | Minimal exposure, 0.32 | Grow 1% (assemblers and fabricators) |
| tour guides | Minimal exposure, 0.32 | Grow 6% |
| quality control inspectors | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 3% |
| pharmacy technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.30 | Grow 6% |
| building inspectors | Not exposed, 0.28 | Little or no change |
| power plant operators | Not exposed, 0.28 | Decline 4% |
| surveying and mapping technicians | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 6% |
| general maintenance workers | Minimal exposure, 0.27 | Grow 4% |
| water treatment operators | Not exposed, 0.27 | Decline 6% |
| fitness trainers | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 7% |
| home health aides | Minimal exposure, 0.25 | Grow 18% |
| recreation workers | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 4% |
| opticians | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 4% |
| community health workers | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 13% |
| flight attendants | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 9% |
| auto body repairers | Not exposed, 0.21 | Grow 4% |
| sheet metal workers | Not exposed, 0.21 | Grow 3% |
| railroad workers | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 1% |
| security guards | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 1% |
| stationary engineers | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 3% |
| childcare workers | Not exposed, 0.19 | Decline 2% |
| electricians | Not exposed, 0.19 | Grow 9% |
| farmers | Not exposed, 0.19 | Decline 3% |
| bus drivers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 2% |
| dental laboratory technicians | Not exposed, 0.18 | Decline 6% |
| diesel mechanics | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 4% |
| jewelers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Decline 3% |
| plumbers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 7% (plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters) |
| elevator installers | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 6% |
| heavy equipment mechanics | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 7% |
| industrial machinery mechanics | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 18% |
| solar installers | Not exposed, 0.17 to 0.19 | Grow 37% |
| woodworkers | Not exposed, 0.16 | Decline 2% |
| power line workers | Not exposed, 0.15 | Grow 10% |
| correctional officers | Not exposed, 0.14 | Decline 7% |
| glaziers | Not exposed, 0.14 | Grow 2% |
| carpenters | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 4% |
| heavy equipment operators | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 4% |
| pest control workers | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 6% |
| welders | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 2% |
| forest and conservation workers | Not exposed, 0.12 | Decline 2% |
| logging workers | Not exposed, 0.12 | Decline 5% |
| boilermakers | Not exposed, 0.11 | Decline 2% |
| ironworkers | Not exposed, 0.11 | Grow 1% |
| hazardous materials removal workers | Not exposed, 0.09 | Grow 2% |
Postsecondary certificate (nondegree award) (18 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| court reporters | Gradient 4, 0.65 | Little or no change (court reporters and captioners) |
| medical transcriptionists | Gradient 3, 0.53 | Decline 4% |
| medical billing and coding | Gradient 3, 0.52 | Grow 8% (medical records specialists) |
| medical assistants | Gradient 1, 0.35 | Grow 13% |
| phlebotomists | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 7% |
| surgical technologists | Minimal exposure, 0.30 | Grow 5% |
| licensed practical nurses | Minimal exposure, 0.22 | Grow 3% |
| paramedics | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 6% |
| hvac technicians | Not exposed, 0.21 | Grow 11% |
| aircraft mechanics | Not exposed, 0.19 | Grow 6% |
| firefighters | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 4% |
| manicurists | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 9% |
| mechanics | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 5% (automotive service technicians) |
| skincare specialists | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 9% |
| hairdressers | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 8% (barbers 3%) |
| massage therapists | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 15% |
| wind turbine technicians | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 30% |
| dental assistants | Not exposed, 0.16 | Grow 7% |
Some college, no degree (4 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| bookkeepers | Gradient 4, 0.64 | Decline 6% |
| tutors | Minimal exposure, 0.33 | Little or no change (0%) |
| actors | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Little or no change |
| teacher assistants | Not exposed, 0.24 | Little or no change (0%) |
Associate's degree (27 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| health information technologists | Gradient 3, 0.52 | Grow 16% |
| paralegals | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Little or no change (paralegals and legal assistants) |
| desktop publishers | Gradient 1, 0.38 | Decline 14% |
| electro mechanical technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 3% |
| drafters | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 1% |
| air traffic controllers | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 2% |
| calibration technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 5% |
| civil engineering technicians | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 3% |
| environmental engineering technicians | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 3% |
| electrical engineering technicians | Not exposed, 0.27 | Grow 2% |
| aerospace engineering technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 12% |
| agricultural technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 5% |
| chemical technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 5% |
| geological technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 2% |
| industrial engineering technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 3% |
| mechanical engineering technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 1% |
| nuclear technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 1% |
| medical equipment repairers | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 13% |
| environmental science technicians | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 7% |
| cardiovascular technologists | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 4% |
| nuclear medicine technologists | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 4% |
| radiation therapists | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 3% |
| sonographers | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 14% |
| preschool teachers | Not exposed, 0.21 | Grow 4% |
| respiratory therapists | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 9% |
| funeral directors | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 4% |
| dental hygienists | Not exposed, 0.16 | Grow 8% |
Bachelor's degree (109 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| stockbrokers | Gradient 4, 0.63 | Grow 1% |
| budget analysts | Gradient 4, 0.62 | Grow 2% |
| financial analysts | Gradient 4, 0.62 | Grow 7% |
| credit counselors | Gradient 4, 0.60 | Grow 3% |
| ux designers | Gradient 4, 0.60 | Grow 6% (interface designers) |
| web developers | Gradient 4, 0.60 | Grow 4% |
| translators | Gradient 3, 0.59 | Grow 2% (interpreters and translators) |
| cybersecurity | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Grow 21% (information security analysts) |
| data analysts | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Grow 35% (data scientists) |
| database administrators | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Grow 4% |
| financial advisors | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Grow 1% |
| system administrators | Gradient 3, 0.57 | Decline 4% |
| actuaries | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Grow 9% |
| operations research analysts | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Grow 12% |
| copywriters | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Little or no change (writers and authors) |
| editors | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Decline 1% |
| market research analysts | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 7% |
| marketing | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 6% (advertising, promotions and marketing managers) |
| technical writers | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 1% |
| writers | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Little or no change (writers and authors) |
| journalists | Gradient 3, 0.54 | Decline 6% |
| meteorologists | Gradient 3, 0.54 | Grow 3% |
| software engineers | Gradient 3, 0.53 | Grow 10% (developers); programmers decline 7% |
| underwriters | Gradient 3, 0.53 | Decline 4% |
| network architects | Gradient 3, 0.52 | Grow 8% |
| accountants | Gradient 3, 0.51 | Grow 5% (accountants and auditors) |
| animators | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Little or no change (0%) |
| art directors | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Grow 4% |
| graphic designers | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Decline 2% |
| systems analysts | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Grow 8% |
| tax examiners | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Decline 1% |
| event planners | Gradient 2, 0.48 | Grow 6% |
| geographers | Gradient 2, 0.48 | Decline 2% |
| consultants | Gradient 2, 0.46 | Grow 10% (management analysts) |
| appraisers | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 3% |
| compensation and benefits specialists | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 6% |
| labor relations specialists | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 2% |
| recruiters | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Grow 6% (HR specialists, incl. recruiters) |
| cartographers | Gradient 2, 0.44 | Grow 7% |
| it managers | Gradient 2, 0.44 | Grow 16% |
| surveyors | Gradient 2, 0.44 | Grow 6% |
| fundraisers | Gradient 2, 0.43 | Grow 6% |
| public relations specialists | Gradient 2, 0.43 | Grow 2% |
| compliance officers | Minimal exposure, 0.42 | Grow 4% |
| computer hardware engineers | Gradient 2, 0.42 | Grow 9% |
| facilities managers | Gradient 2, 0.42 | Grow 5% |
| project managers | Gradient 2, 0.42 | Grow 7% (project management specialists) |
| dietitians | Minimal exposure, 0.41 | Grow 8% |
| sales managers | Gradient 2, 0.41 | Grow 4% |
| training specialists | Gradient 2, 0.41 | Grow 11% |
| engineering managers | Minimal exposure, 0.40 | Grow 6% |
| food scientists | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 6% |
| microbiologists | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 6% |
| natural sciences managers | Minimal exposure, 0.40 | Grow 8% |
| public relations managers | Minimal exposure, 0.39 | Grow 6% |
| purchasing agents | Minimal exposure, 0.39 | Grow 6% |
| biological technicians | Gradient 1, 0.38 | Grow 7% |
| emergency management directors | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 4% |
| environmental engineers | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 6% |
| foresters | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 4% |
| industrial production managers | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 3% |
| logistics jobs | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 18% (logisticians) |
| top executives | Minimal exposure, 0.38 | Grow 5% |
| coaches | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 6% (coaches and scouts) |
| financial managers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 10% |
| industrial engineers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 12% |
| interior designers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 3% |
| landscape architects | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 4% |
| mediators | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 5% |
| producers and directors | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 4% |
| set designers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 1% |
| social and community service managers | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 7% |
| video editors | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 4% (film and video editors) |
| HR | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 6% (HR managers and specialists) |
| compensation and benefits managers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 1% |
| financial examiners | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 9% |
| geoscientists | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 5% |
| healthcare managers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 24% |
| hydrologists | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 1% |
| training and development managers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 6% |
| career and technical education teachers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Little or no change (0%) |
| chemical engineers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 5% |
| fashion designers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Little or no change |
| industrial designers | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 2% |
| adult education teachers | Minimal exposure, 0.34 | Decline 14% |
| construction managers | Minimal exposure, 0.34 | Grow 9% |
| probation officers | Minimal exposure, 0.33 | Grow 3% |
| aerospace engineers | Not exposed, 0.32 | Grow 8% |
| marine engineers | Not exposed, 0.32 | Grow 7% |
| recreation managers | Minimal exposure, 0.32 | Grow 6% |
| lab technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.31 | Grow 3% |
| agricultural engineers | Not exposed, 0.30 | Grow 7% |
| biomedical engineers | Not exposed, 0.30 | Grow 8% |
| childcare center directors | Minimal exposure, 0.30 | Decline 3% |
| middle school teachers | Not exposed, 0.30 | Little or no change (0%) |
| nuclear engineers | Not exposed, 0.30 | Little or no change (0%) |
| teachers | Not exposed, 0.30 | Little or no change (high school) |
| materials engineers | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 8% |
| mining engineers | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 4% |
| petroleum engineers | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 2% |
| cost estimators | Not exposed, 0.28 to 0.30 | Decline 3% |
| health and safety engineers | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 5% |
| special education teachers | Not exposed, 0.28 | Little or no change (0%) |
| forensic science technicians | Not exposed, 0.26 | Grow 13% |
| nurses | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 6% (registered nurses) |
| medical dosimetrists | Not exposed, 0.22 | Grow 5% |
| exercise physiologists | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 13% |
| health education specialists | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 6% |
| recreational therapists | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 5% |
Master's degree (22 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| statisticians | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Grow 11% |
| survey researchers | Gradient 3, 0.56 | Decline 5% |
| computer research scientists | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 22% |
| economists | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 5% |
| anthropologists | Gradient 2, 0.48 | Grow 6% |
| sociologists | Gradient 2, 0.48 | Grow 4% |
| historians | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Grow 3% |
| political scientists | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Decline 2% |
| urban planners | Minimal exposure, 0.41 | Grow 4% |
| epidemiologists | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 19% |
| instructional coordinators | Gradient 1, 0.39 | Grow 2% |
| college administrators | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 2% |
| principals | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Little or no change (0%) |
| athletic trainers | Minimal exposure, 0.28 | Grow 13% |
| rehabilitation counselors | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 2% |
| school counselors | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 3% |
| nurse practitioners | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 41% (nurse practitioners); 36% for all three APRN roles |
| speech language pathologists | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 17% |
| physician assistants | Not exposed, 0.23 | Grow 21% |
| genetic counselors | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 10% |
| occupational therapists | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 15% |
| orthotists and prosthetists | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 13% |
Doctoral or professional degree (8 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| biochemists | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 12% |
| lawyers | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 5% |
| judges | Not exposed, 0.31 | Grow 2% |
| doctors | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 4% (physicians and surgeons) |
| audiologists | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 11% |
| optometrists | Not exposed, 0.24 | Grow 10% |
| chiropractors | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 9% |
| podiatrists | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 2% |
Varies by path or role (46 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| information clerks | Gradient 4, 0.60 | Decline 2% |
| bankers | Gradient 3, 0.58 | Decline 13% (tellers); loan officers grow 1%, financial analysts grow 7% |
| librarians | Gradient 3, 0.55 | Grow 3% (librarians); library technicians decline 6% |
| insurance agents | Gradient 3, 0.53 | Grow 3% (insurance sales agents) |
| sales jobs | Gradient 2, 0.49 | Little or no change (wholesale and manufacturing sales reps) |
| archivists | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Grow 3% |
| broadcast announcers | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Decline 8% |
| it support | Gradient 2, 0.47 | Decline 3% |
| claims adjusters | Gradient 2, 0.45 | Decline 6% |
| scientists | Gradient 2, 0.40 | Grow 6% to 13% (medical, chemical, physical, environmental) |
| architects | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 4% |
| professors | Minimal exposure, 0.37 | Grow 7% |
| fire inspectors | Minimal exposure, 0.36 | Grow 6% |
| broadcast and sound technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.35 | Grow 1% |
| pharmacists | Minimal exposure, 0.33 | Grow 5% |
| engineers | Not exposed, 0.30 | Grow 6% (civil engineers) |
| ship captains | Not exposed, 0.29 | Grow 4% |
| musicians | Not exposed, 0.28 | Little or no change (musicians and singers) |
| physical therapists | Minimal exposure, 0.28 | Grow 12% |
| safety specialists | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 19% |
| social workers | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 6% |
| therapists | Not exposed, 0.28 | Grow 18% (mental health counselors) |
| pilots | Not exposed, 0.27 | Grow 7% (airline and commercial pilots) |
| radiologists | Not exposed, 0.27 | Grow 4% (physicians and surgeons) |
| chefs | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 7% (chefs and head cooks) |
| electrical and electronics repairers | Not exposed, 0.25 | Grow 2% |
| telecommunications technicians | Not exposed, 0.24 | Decline 3% |
| truck drivers | Minimal exposure, 0.24 | Grow 4% (heavy and tractor-trailer drivers) |
| psychiatric technicians | Minimal exposure, 0.22 | Grow 18% |
| artists | Not exposed, 0.21 | Decline 1% |
| material moving machine operators | Not exposed, 0.20 | Grow 1% |
| dancers | Not exposed, 0.19 | Grow 2% |
| landscapers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 5% (grounds maintenance workers) |
| machinists | Not exposed, 0.18 to 0.20 | Decline 1% |
| metal and plastic machine workers | Not exposed, 0.18 | Decline 7% |
| small engine mechanics | Not exposed, 0.18 | Grow 3% |
| occupational therapy assistants | Not exposed, 0.17 | Grow 21% |
| dentists | Not exposed, 0.15 | Grow 6% |
| food processing workers | Not exposed, 0.15 | Grow 5% |
| nursing assistants | Not exposed, 0.14 | Grow 3% |
| police officers | Not exposed, 0.14 | Grow 3% |
| insulation workers | Not exposed, 0.13 | Grow 3% |
| painting and coating workers | Not exposed, 0.12 | Grow 2% |
| construction workers | Not exposed, 0.09 | Grow 6% |
| farm workers | Not exposed, 0.09 | Decline 2% |
| masonry workers | Not exposed, 0.09 | Grow 1% |
No BLS profile (3 jobs)
| Job | ILO band and score | BLS outlook 2025 to 2035 |
|---|---|---|
| medical scribes | Gradient 3, 0.53 | No BLS profile (medical transcriptionists decline 4%) |
| proofreaders | Gradient 3, 0.51 | No BLS profile (editors decline 1%) |
| tax preparers | Gradient 2, 0.49 | No BLS profile (accountants grow 5%) |
What this means for workers
- A degree is not a shield: jobs that typically need a bachelor's degree or more are, on average, more exposed to generative AI in this data than jobs that need no degree.
- No degree is not a guarantee either: clerical jobs that need only a high school diploma are among the most exposed.
- Checking the output: in exposed jobs, reviewing what AI produces becomes part of the work, which NIST calls confabulation (NIST AI 600-1). See checking AI output.
See also jobs most exposed to AI, fastest-growing jobs and their AI exposure, AI exposure by job field, jobs with the most openings, AI exposure by pay and jobs safe from AI? This page is general information, not career advice.
Questions and answers
Are jobs that need a degree more exposed to AI?
On average, yes, in our series. Jobs that typically need a bachelor's degree or higher have a median ILO score of 0.38, against 0.22 for jobs that need no degree.
Which jobs without a degree have low AI exposure and are growing?
68 jobs in our series fit, mostly hands-on trades, care and service work. The table on this page lists them, sorted by projected growth.
Which jobs without a degree are most exposed to AI?
Office and clerical jobs such as data entry clerks, bookkeepers and payroll clerks sit in the ILO top band even though they need no degree to start.
Where does the education data come from?
From the entry-level education column of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2025 to 2035 edition. Exposure scores are from ILO Working Paper 140 (2025).